Notes of NS and Wireless Routing
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1(tcl) braces in Substitution and Grouping
Grouping with curly braces, { }, prevents substitutions. Braces nest. The interpreter includes all characters between the matching left and right brace in the group, including newlines, semicolons, and nested braces. The enclosing (i.e., outermost) braces are not included in the group's value.
Grouping with double quotes, " ", allows substitutions. The interpreter groups everything until another double quote is found, including newlines and semicolons. The enclosing quotes are not included in the group of characters. A double-quote character can be included in the group by quoting it with a backslash, (e.g., \").
Grouping decisions are made before substitutions are performed, which means that the values of variables or command results do not affect grouping.
A dollar sign, $, causes variable substitution. Variable names can be any length, and case is significant. If variable references are embedded into other strings, or if they include characters other than letters, digits, and the underscore, they can be distinguished with the ${varname} syntax.
Square brackets, [ ], cause command substitution. Everything between the brackets is treated as a command, and everything including the brackets is replaced with the result of the command. Nesting is allowed.
The backslash character, \, is used to quote special characters. You can think of this as another form of substitution in which the backslash and the next character or group of characters are replaced with a new character.
Substitutions can occur anywhere unless prevented by curly brace grouping. Part of a group can be a constant string, and other parts of it can be the result of substitutions. Even the command name can be affected by substitutions.
A single round of substitutions is performed before command invocation. The result of a substitution is not interpreted a second time. This rule is important if you have a variable value or a command result that contains special characters such as spaces, dollar signs, square brackets, or braces. Because only a single round of substitution is done, you do not have to worry about special characters in values causing extra substitutions.
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